Refolding kinetics of denatured-reduced lysozyme in the presence of folding aids

The refolding kinetic behavior of denatured-reduced lysozyme in the presence of folding aids (acetamide, acetone, thiourea, L-arginine or glycerol) was studied utilizing a simplified model describing the competition between first-order folding reaction and third-order aggregation. It was found that the protein folding aids could be categorized into two groups. One of them at proper concentrations, such as acetamide, acetone, thiourea and L-arginine, stabilized unfolded protein or folding intermediates. In the presence of these additives, the folding rate decreased with increasing their concentration, and there existed a concentration where the aggregation rate constant was minimized. So, there was an optimum concentration for the folding aids to produce a high yield. The other group was protein stabilizers such as glycerol. In the presence of this kind of folding aids, both the refolding rate and yield were enhanced by increasing their concentration to a proper value. Moreover, their effect on improving protein refolding was additive to those of the first group. So the cooperative application of the two kinds of folding aids could result in favorable refolding rate and yield of protein. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.