Resin canal traits relevant for constitutive resistance of Norway spruce against bark beetles: environmental and genetic variability

The influence of genetic determination and environment on the variability of secondary resin canal traits was investigated on 15-19-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) clones grown in Lower Austria (Pressbaum and Ulmerfeld) and southern Sweden (Knutstorp, and Hermanstorp). Eleven and 20 clones were present on the two Austrian and the two Swedish sites, respectively. The sites differed in their water availability, as indicated by different annual precipitation and soil type. Resin canal traits measured were the number of epithelial cells per canal, the number of resin canals per unit tangential wood surface area, the mean resin canal area and the total resin canal area per unit tangential wood surface area. The latter three traits are known to be related to the constitutive resin flow of Norway spruce. Environment had an influence on the variability of resin canal traits but the most important factor for the variability was the tree's genetic disposition. Within countries, clones from the drier sites (Pressbaum and Hermanstorp) showed significantly smaller resin canals. Trees from Pressbaum also had smaller total resin canal areas than trees from Ulmerfeld. The number of epithelial cells and the number of canals did not differ between sites. Resin canal traits had wide genetic variation and high broad sense heritabilities (H-2), with values between 0.28 and 0.82. Highest heritability values were reached for the number of epithelial cells and the number of canals (H-2 > 0.8). Genotypic correlations across trials were high for the resin canal traits and approached I in both the Austrian and the Swedish trials, indicating that there was little genotype by environment interaction for these traits and thus the ranking of clones was very similar in the different environments. The number of epithelial cells, the mean area and the total resin canal area showed either moderately significant positive,genotypic correlations with tree growth traits or none at all.