Hepatitis C core and nonstructural 3 proteins trigger toll-like receptor 2-mediated pathways and inflammatory activation

Background & Aims: Recent evidence suggests that toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize certain viruses. We reported that hepatitis C virus (HCV) core and nonstructural 3 (NS3) proteins activate inflammatory pathways in monocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TLRs in innate immune cell activation by core and NS3 proteins. Methods: Human monocytes, human embryonic kidney cells transfected with TLR2, and peritoneal macrophages from TLR2, MyD88 knockout, and wild-type mice were studied to determine intracellular signaling and proinflarnmatory cytokine induction by HCV proteins. Results: HCV core and NS3 proteins triggered inflammatory cell activation via the pattern recognition receptor TLR2 and failed to activate macrophages from TLR2 or MyD88-deficient mice. HCV core and NS3 induced interleukin (IL)-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) activity, phosphorylation of p38, extracellular regulated (ERK), and c-jun N-terminal (JNK) kinases and induced AP-1 activation. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB by core and NS3 was associated with increased lkappaBalpha phosphorylation. TLR2-mediated cell activation was dependent on the conformation of core and NS3 proteins and required sequences in the regions of aa 2-122 in core and aa 1450-1643 in NS3. Although cellular uptake of core and NS3 proteins was independent of TLR2 expression, cell activation required TLR2. HCV core protein and TLR2 showed intracellular colocalization. The hyper-elevated TNF-alpha induction by TLR2 ligands in monocytes of HCV-infected patients was not due to increased TLR2 expression. Conclusions: HCV core and NS3 proteins trigger inflammatory pathways via TLR2 that may affect viral recognition and contribute to activation of the innate immune system.