Heating protoplanetary disk atmospheres

We calculate the thermal-chemical structure of the gaseous atmospheres of the inner disks of T Tauri stars, starting from the density and dust temperature distributions derived by D'Alessio and coworkers in 1999. As a result of processes such as X-ray irradiation or mechanical heating of the surface layers, the gas temperature at the very top of the disk atmosphere in the neighborhood of 1 AU is of the order of 5000 K. Deep down, it drops rapidly into the range of the dust temperature, i.e., several hundred degrees kelvin. In between these upper hot and lower cool layers, there is a transition zone with gas temperatures in the range 500-2000 K. The thickness and location of this warm region depend on the strength of the surface heating. This region also manifests the basic chemical transitions of H to H-2 and C+ and C to CO. It is remarkable that even though the H-2 transition begins first (higher up), it does not go to completion until after CO does. Consequently, there is a reasonably thick layer of warm CO that is predominantly atomic H. This thermal-chemical structure is favorable to the excitation of the fundamental and overtone bands of CO because of the large rate coefficients for vibrational excitation in H+CO as opposed to H-2+CO collisions. This conclusion is supported by the recent observations of the fundamental band transitions in most T Tauri stars. We also argue that layered atmospheres of inner T Tauri disks may play an important role in understanding the observations of H-2 UV fluorescence pumped from excited vibrational levels of that molecule. Possible candidates for surface heating include the interaction of a wind with the upper layers of the disk and dissipation of hydromagnetic waves generated by mechanical disturbances close to the midplane, e. g., by the Balbus-Hawley instability. Detailed modeling of the observations has the potential to reveal the nature of the mechanical surface heating that we model phenomenologically in these calculations and to help explain the nature of the gas in protoplanetary disks.