The demand for environmental quality and the environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis

Household demand for better environmental quality is the key factor in the long-term global applicability of;I,,Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. We argue that, for given consumer preferences, the threshold income level as which the EKC turns downwards or the equilibrium income elasticity changes sign from positive to negative depends on the ability to spatially separate production and consumption. We test our hypothesis by estimating the equilibrium, income, elasticities of five pollutants, using 1990 data for the United States. We find that the change in sign occurs at lower income levels for pollutants for which spatial separation is relatively easy as compared to pollutants for which spatial separation is difficult. Our results suggest that even high-income households in the United States have not yet reached the income level at which their demand for better environmental quality is high enough to cause the income-pollution relationship to turn. downwards for all the pollutants that we analyzed. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.