Regulation and role of transforming growth factor-β in immune tolerance induction and inflammation

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is known to mediate pleiotropic functions both inside and outside the immune system. Recent progress in this field underlines the role of TGF-beta in regulatory T (Treg) cells, where it participates in both suppression and differentiation. In addition, recent information highlights the role of TGF-beta in repair responses that lead to matrix deposition and tissue remodelling. Many chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, profit from the suppression of specific immune responses by TGF-beta; however, TGF-beta-mediated tissue remodelling can be a serious complication in such diseases.