Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by siRNA targeted to the highly conserved primer binding site

The initiation of HIV-1 reverse transcription occurs at an 18-nucleotide sequence in the viral genome designated as the primer binding site (PBS), which is complementary to the 3' terminal nucleotides of tRNA(Lys,3). Since the PBS is highly conserved among all infectious HIV-1, it represents an attractive target for the development of new therapeutics to inhibit viral replication. In this study, we have evaluated three approaches using small interfering RNA (siRNAs) targeted to the PBS for the capacity to inhibit HIV-1 replication. In the first, transfection of a 21-nucleotide siRNA complementary to the PBS into cells inhibited production of HIV-1 following infection. Control siRNAs of the same length complementary to HIV-1 gag mRNA or to gfp mRNA decreased the production of virus or had no effect on virus replication, respectively. Analysis of the PBS of integrated proviruses derived from viruses that ultimately grew in cultures transfected with siRNA all contained wild-type PBS sequence, demonstrating that HIV-1 did not mutate to escape inhibition by siRNA. In the second approach, hairpin siRNA targeted to the wild-type PBS were expressed using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector. HIV-1 replication was inhibited in cells infected with AAV encoding the siRNA to the wild-type PBS, but not in cells infected with AAV encoding an siRNA of the same length targeted to an irrelevant PBS. Finally, studies from this laboratory have shown that alteration of the PBS to be complementary to tRNA His results in the production of infectious virus that rapidly reverts to utilize tRNA(Lys,3) following in vitro culture. A proviral genome containing a PBS complementary to tRNA His that encodes an siRNA molecule complementary to the wild-type PBS under control of a U6 promoter within the nef gene was as infectious as the parent HIV-1 genome containing no insert in nef'. The vir-us with the PBS only complementary to tRNA(His) reverted to use tRNA(Lys,3) coincident with rapid virus growth, while the virus encoding siRNA grew slower than the virus without siRNA and maintained the PBS complementary to tRNA His longer in culture. At later times of infection, viruses with the PBS complementary to tRNA His and the siRNA exhibited a rapid increase in p24 antigen in the culture. Analysis of the PBS revealed that it was now complementary to tRNA(Lys,3). Analysis of the gene encoding the siRNA revealed that the reversion of the PBS coincided with the deletion of the gene encoding siRNA. The results of these studies show that siRNA targeted to the PBS of HIV-1 can inhibit virus replication, supporting the concept that HIV-1 has evolved a strong preference to select tRNA(Lys,3) for high-level replication and establishing the PBS and primer selection as a potential target for new therapeutics. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.