Boronic acid fluorescent sensors for monosaccharide signaling based on the 6-methoxyquinolinium heterocyclic nucleus: progress toward noninvasive and continuous glucose monitoring

The synthesis, characterization, and spectral properties of strategically designed boronic acid containing fluorescent sensors, o-, m-, p-BMOQBA, for the potential detection of tear glucose concentrations when immobilized in plastic disposable contact lenses is described. The new probes, BMOQBAs, consist of the 6-methoxyquinolinium nucleus as a fluorescent indicator, and the boronic acid moiety as a glucose chelating group. A control compound BMOQ, which has no boronic acid group and therefore does not bind monosaccharides has also been prepared. In this paper, we show that structural design considerations of the new probes have afforded for their compatibility within the lenses, with reduced probe sugar-bound pK(a) favorable with the mildly acidic lens environment. In addition, the new probes are readily water soluble, have high quantum yields, and can be prepared by a simple one-step synthetic procedure. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.