Anti-inflammatory potential of flavonoid contents from dried fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida in vitro and in vivo

The dried fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida, a local soft drink material and medical herb, demonstrated antioxidant effect in a previous study. The present study investigates the anti-inflammatory potential of flavonoid contents from dried fruit of C. pinnatifida (CF-Fs). The preliminary investigation showed that CF-Fs (0.25-0.75 mg/mL) decreased the release of PGE(2) and nitric oxide as induced by lipopolysaccharide (LIPS, an endotoxin) in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The in vivo assay showed that pretreatment of rats with CF-Fs (50-200 mg/kg dosed by gavage) for 5 days significantly decreased the serum levels of the hepatic enzyme markers alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase induced by the 6-h treatment with LPS (ip; 5 mg/kg). Histopathological evaluation of the rat livers revealed that CF-Fs reduced the incidence of liver lesions such as neutrophil infiltration and necrosis induced by LIPS. Furthermore, it was found that pretreatment with CF-Fs decreased the hepatic expression of NOS and COX-2 induced by LPS in rats. These results demonstrate that CF-Fs present anti-inflammatory potential in vitro and in vivo and that they may play a role in hepatoprotection.