The ongoing invasion of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) in Chile:: causes of concern

We review the existing data on the African clawed frog in Chile ( Xenopus laevis, Pipidae) and report new and alarming information on its distribution, provide physical data on water courses and bodies that hold populations of this frog, report observations on its diet, on mass migration overland, and on predation by native birds. Our findings reveal that: ( a) the spread of the invasion is currently covering 4 of the 13 regions of Chile; (b) clawed frogs are found at higher densities in artificial water bodies ( ponds and dams and irrigation canals) rather than in natural lagoons or streams or rivers; ( c) there is no evidence of predation on native anurans, but rather on their own larvae; (d) they face predation from native birds. Causes of concern include ( a) that African clawed frogs in Chile reach both lower and higher altitudes than formerly estimated, and ( b) that they are able to migrate overland to colonize other water bodies. They are spreading at a rate of 3.1 - 3.9 km/year in an optimistic scenario, and at a rate of 4.4 - 5.4 km/year in a pessimistic one. The most troubling aspects of the African clawed frog invasion in Chile involve: ( a) their unaided spread through central Chilean agricultural areas, using irrigation canals and overland migration; and ( b) the type of interactions that they may be establishing with native anurans ( are they competitors, predators, habitat modifiers, disease vectors, or all things together?). As a precautionary action, we propose that the pet trade of African clawed frogs in Chile should be banned.