Journal
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION THEORY
Volume 51, Issue 2, Pages 523-536Publisher
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TIT.2004.840892
Keywords
antenna theory; degrees of freedom; multiple antennas; multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems; physical channel modeling
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Multiple-antenna systems that are limited by the area and geometry of antenna arrays, are considered. Given these physical constraints, the limit on the available number of spatial degrees of freedom is derived. The commonly used statistical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) model is inadequate. Antenna theory is applied to take into account the area and geometry constraints, and to define the spatial signal space so as to interpret experimental channel measurements in an array-independent but manageable description of the physical environment. Based on these modeling strategies, for a spherical array of effective aperture A in a physical environment of angular spread IQ I in solid angle, the number of spatial degrees of freedom is shown to be A\Omega\ for uni-polarized antennas and 2A\Omega\ for tri-polarized antennas. Together with the 2WT degrees of freedom for a system of bandwidth W transmitting in an interval T, the total degrees of freedom of a multiple-antenna channel is therefore 4 WTA\Omega\.
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