The effect of fish oil on physical aggression in schoolchildren - a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate whether fish oil supplementation affected Japanese schoolchildren's behavior, with changes in aggression over time as the primary endpoint. Design and subjects: A placebo-controlled double-blind study with 166 schoolchildren 9-12 years of age was performed. The subjects of the fish oil group (n = 83) took fish oil-fortified foods (bread, sausage and spaghetti). These foods were provided in amounts such that each subject in the fish oil group had an intake of 3600 mg of docosahexaenoic acid + 840 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/week for 3 months. The rest (the controls, n = 83) took control supplements. At the start and end of the study, psychological tests were performed to assess their aggression. Results: Physical aggression assessed by Hostility-Aggression Questionnaire for Children in girls increased significantly (median: 13 to 15, n = 42) in the control group and did not change (13 to 13, n = 43) in the fish oil group with a significant intergroup difference (P = .008) with baseline as covariate. The changes in physical aggression scores over time and those of the ratio of EPA/arachidonic acid in RBC (Delta EPA/AA) were significantly correlated in girls who agreed to blood collection (r = -.53, P = .01, n = 23). On the contrary, there were no significant changes in physical aggression in boys. Aggression against others (extraggression) assessed by Picture Frustration Study did not change in the control group (median: 5 to 5) but increased significantly in the fish oil group (4 to 5) with a significant intergroup difference (P = .02) with baseline as covariate. These changes in extraggression might be explained partly by significantly lower baseline values of extraggression in the fish oil group (P = .02) than in the control group. There were no significant correlations between Delta extraggression and Delta EPA/AA in blood-sampled children (n = 49). Impulsivity of girls assessed by parents/guardians using the diagnostic criteria for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder of DSM-IV was reduced in the fish oil group (1 to 0) with a significant (P = .008) intergroup difference from the control group (1 to 1). There were no significant correlations between Delta impulsivity and Delta EPA/AA in blood-sampled girls. In males, impulsivity reduced in both groups without any intergroup differences. Conclusion: There is a possibility that changes in fatty acid nutrition might affect physical aggression especially in girls. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.