Dietary acquisition of photoprotective compounds (mycosporine-like amino acids, carotenoids) and acclimation to ultraviolet radiation in a freshwater copepod

We experimentally tested the hypothesis that accumulations of dietary compounds such as carotenoids or UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAS) protect against natural levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). A calanoid copepod, Leptodiaptomus minutus, was collected from a relatively UV-transparent lake in Pennsylvania where levels of copepod MAAS and carotenoids vary during the year (MAAS high/carotenoids low in summer). Animals raised in the laboratory under different diet/UVR treatments accumulated MAAS from an MAA-producing dinoflagellate but not from a cryptomonad that lacks them. The acquisition efficiency increased under exposure to UVR-supplemented photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400-700 nm), yielding MAA concentrations up to 0.7% dry weight compared with only 0.3% under unsupplemented PAR. Proportions of individual MAAS differed between the animals and their diet. Shorter wavelength absorbing palythine and shinorine (lambda(max) 320 and 334 run, respectively) were disproportionately accumulated over usujirene and palythene (lambda(max) ca. 359 nm). Carotenoids accumulated under UVR exposure (to 1% dry weight) when dietary MAAS were not available. Tolerance of ultra-violet-B (UV-B) radiation was assessed as LE(50)s (UV exposure giving 50% mortality after 5 d) following 12-h acute exposure to artificial UV-B radiation. LE,os increased 2.5-fold for UV-acclimated, MAA-rich animals, but only 1.5-fold for UV-acclimated, carotenoid-rich animals. Compared with carotenoids, MAAS offer this copepod a more effective photoprotection strategy, potentially as important as photorepair of DNA damage, to promote tolerance of natural levels of UV-B radiation.