Nitric oxide-releasing sol-gels as antibacterial coatings for orthopedic implants

To assess the benefits of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing sol-gels as potential antibacterial coatings for orthopedic devices, medical-grade stainless steel is coated with a sol-gel film of 40% N-aminohexyl-N-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane and 60% isobutyl-trimethoxysilane. Upon converting the diamine groups in these films to diazeniumdiolate NO donors, the NO release from the sol-gel-coated stainless steel is evaluated at both ambient and physiological temperature. Sol-gel films incubated at 25degreesC have a lower NO flux over the first 24 h compared to those at 37degreesC, but release more than five times longer. The bacterial adhesion resistance of NO-releasing coatings is evaluated in vitro by exposing bare steel, sol-gel, and NO-releasing sol-gel-coated steel to cell suspensions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis at 25degreesC and 37degreesC. Cell adhesion to bare and sol-gel-coated steel is similar, while NO-releasing surfaces have significantly less bacterial adhesion for all species and temperatures investigated. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.