A stable three enzyme creatinine biosensor. 2. Analysis of the impact of silver ions on creatine amidinohydrolase

The enzyme creatine amidinohydrolase is a clinically important enzyme used in the determination of creatinine in blood and urine. Continuous use biosensors are becoming more important in the clinical setting; however, long-use creatinine biosensors have not been commercialized due to the complexity of the three-enzyme creatinine biosensor and the lack of stability of its components. This paper, the second in a series of three, describes the immobilization and stabilization of creatine amidinohydrolase. Creatine amidinohydrolase modified with poly(ethylene glycol) activated with isocyanate retains significant activity after modification. The enzyme was successfully immobilized into hydrophilic polyurethanes using a reactive prepolymer strategy. The immobilized enzyme retained significant activity over a 30 day period at 37 degrees C and was irreversibly immobilized into the polymer. Despite being stabilized in the polymer, the enzyme remained highly sensitive to silver ions which were released from the amperometric electrodes. Computational analysis of the structure of the protein using the Gaussian network model suggests that the silver ions bind tightly to a cysteine residue preventing normal enzyme dynamics and catalysis. (c) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc.