Non-linear cardiac output dynamics during ramp-incremental cycle ergometry

Published literature asserts that cardiac output ((Q) over dot = (V) over dot O(2)X1/C(a-v)O2) increases as a linear function of oxygen uptake with a slope of approximately 5-6 during constant work rate exercise. However, we have previously demonstrated that C(a-v)O2 has a linear relationship as a function of (V) over dot O-2 during progressively increasing work rate incremental exercise. Therefore, we hypothesized that (Q) over dot may indeed have a non-linear relationship with respect to (V) over dot O-2 during incremental, non-steady state exercise. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed five maximal progressive. work rate exercise studies in healthy human subjects. (Q) over dot was determined every minute during exercise using measured breath-by-breath (V) over dot O-2 and arterial and pulmonary artery measurements of PO2 hemoglobin saturation, and content. (Q) over dot was plotted as a function of (V) over dot O-2 and the linear and non-linear (first order exponential and hyperbolic) fits determined for each subject. Tests for linearity were performed by assessing the significance of the quadratic terms added to the linear relation using least squares estimation in linear regression. Linearity was inadequate in all cases (group P<0.0001). We conclude that cardiac output is a non-linear function of (V) over dot O-2 during ramp-incremental exercise; the pattern of non-linearity suggests that while the kinetics of (Q) over dot are faster than those of (V) over dot O-2 they progressively slow as work rate (and (V) over dot O-2) increases.