A PKS I gene-based screening approach for the discovery of a new polyketide from Penicillium citrinum Salicorn 46

Salicorn 46, an endophytic fungus isolated from Salicornia herbacea Torr., was identified as Penicillium citrinum based on its internal transcribed spacer and ribosomal large-subunit DNA sequences using a type I polyketide synthase (PKS I) gene screening approach. A new polyketide, penicitriketo (1), and seven known compounds, including ergone (2), (3 beta,5 alpha,8 alpha,22E)-5,8-epidioxyergosta-6,9,22-trien-3-ol (3), (3 beta,5 alpha,8 alpha,22E)-5,8-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol (4), stigmasta-7,22-diene-3 beta,5 alpha,6 alpha-triol (5), 3 beta,5 alpha-dihydroxy-(22E,24R)-ergosta-7,22-dien-6 beta-yl oleate (6), N (b)-acetyltryptamine (7), and 2-(1-oxo-2-hydroxyethyl) furan (8), were isolated from the culture of Salicorn 46, and their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Antioxidant experiments revealed that compound 1 possessed moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 85.33 +/- 1.61 mu M. Antimicrobial assays revealed that compound 2 exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Clostridium perfringens, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Mycobacterium phlei with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 25.5, 25.5, 18.5, and 51.0 mu M, respectively. Compound 3 displayed potent antimicrobial activities against C. perfringens and Micrococcus tetragenus with a MIC value of 23.5 mu M. Compounds 5 and 6 showed high levels of selectivity toward Bacillus subtilis and M. phlei with MIC values of 22.5 and 14.4 mu M, respectively. The results of this study highlight the use of PCR-based techniques for the screening of new polyketides from endophytic fungi containing PKS I genes.