Folding studies on a knotted protein

YibK is a 160 residue homodimeric protein belonging to the SPOUT class of methyltransferases. Proteins in this group all display a unique topological feature; the backbone polypeptide chain folds to form a deep trefoil knot. Such knotted structures were completely unpredicted, it being thought impossible for a protein to fold efficiently in this way. However, they are becoming more common and there are now a growing number of examples in the Protein Data Bank. These intriguing knotted structures represent a new and significant challenge in the field of protein folding. Here, we present an initial characterisation of the folding of YibK, one of the smallest knotted proteins to be identified. This is the first detailed folding study on a knotted protein to be reported. We have established conditions under which the protein can be denatured reversibly in vitro using urea, thereby showing that molecular chaperones are not required for the efficient folding of this protein. A series of equilibrium unfolding experiments were performed over a 400-fold range of protein concentration. Both secondary and tertiary structural probes show a single, protein concentration-dependent unfolding transition, and data are most consistent with a three-state equilibrium denaturation model involving a monomeric intermediate. Thermodynamic parameters obtained from the fit of the data to this model indicate that the intermediate is a stable species with appreciable secondary and tertiary structure; whether the topological knot remains in the intermediate state is still to be shown. Together, these results demonstrate that, despite its complex knotted structure, YibK is able to fold efficiently and behaves remarkably similarly to other dimeric proteins under equilibrium conditions. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.