Cloning and characterization of a thermostable and halo-tolerant endoglucanase from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4

A beta-1,4-endoglucanase (Cel5A) was cloned from the genomic DNA of saccharolytic thermophilic eubacterium Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis MB4 and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. Substrate specificity analysis revealed that Cel5A cleaves specifically the beta-1,4-glycosidic linkage in cellulose with high activity (294 U mg(-1); carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (CMC)). On CMC, kinetics of Cel5A was determined (K (m) 1.39 +/- 0.12 g l(-1); k (cat)/K (m) 1.41 +/- 0.13 g(-1) s(-1)). Cel5A displays an activity optimum between 75 and 80 A degrees C. Residues Glu187 and Glu289 were identified as key catalytic amino acids by sequence alignment. Interestingly, derived from a non-halophilic bacterium, Cel5A exhibits high residual activities in molar concentration of NaCl (3 M, 49.3%) and KCl (4 M, 48.6%). In 1 M NaCl, 82% of Cel5A activity is retained after 24 h incubation. Molecular Dynamics studies performed at 0 and 3 M NaCl, correlate the Cel5A stability to the formation of R-COO-center dot center dot center dot Na+ center dot center dot center dot-OOC-R salt bridges within the Cel5A tertiary structure, while activity possibly relates to the number of Na+ ions trapped into the negatively charged active site, involving a competition mechanism between substrate and Na+. Additionally, Cel5A is remarkably resistant in ionic liquids 1-butyl-3-methyllimidazolium chloride (1 M, 54.4%) and 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (1 M, 65.1%) which are promising solvents for cellulose degradation and making Cel5A an attractive candidate for industrial applications.