P21 loss compromises the relative quiescence of forebrain stem cell proliferation leading to exhaustion of their proliferation capacity

Adult stem cells in various tissues are relatively quiescent. The cell cycle inhibitor p21(cip1/waf1) (p21) has been shown to be important for maintaining hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and self-renewal. We examined the role of p21 in the regulation of adult mammalian forebrain neural stem cells (NSCs). We found that p21(-/-) mice between post-natal age 60-240 d have more NSCs than wild-type (+/+) controls due to higher proliferation rates of p21(-/-) NSCs. Thereafter, NSCs in p21(-/-) mice decline and are reduced in number at 16 mo relative to p21(+/+) mice. Similarly, both p21(-/-) and p21(+/+) NSCs display self-renewal in vitro; however, p21(-/-) NSCs display limited in vitro self-renewal (surviving a few passages, then exhausting). Thus, p21 contributes to adult NSC relative quiescence, which we propose is necessary for the life-long maintenance of NSC self-renewal because NSCs may be limited to a finite number of divisions.