Cyclin D1 and c-myc internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation is regulated by AKT activity and enhanced by rapamycin through a p38 MAPK- and ERK-dependent pathway

The macrolide antibiotic rapamycin inhibits the mammalian target of rapamycin protein (mTOR) kinase resulting in the global inhibition of cap-dependent protein synthesis, a blockade in ribosome component biosynthesis, and G(1) cell cycle arrest. G1 arrest may occur by inhibiting the protein synthesis of critical factors required for cell cycle progression. Hypersensitivity to mTOR inhibitors has been demonstrated in cells having elevated levels of AKT kinase activity, whereas cells containing quiescent AKT activity are relatively resistant. Our previous data suggest that low AKT activity induces resistance by allowing continued cap-independent protein synthesis of cyclin D1 and c-Myc proteins. In support of this notion, the current study demonstrates that the human cyclin D1 mRNA 5 similar to untranslated region contains an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and that both this IRES and the c-myc IRES are negatively regulated by AKT activity. Furthermore, we show that cyclin D1 and c-myc IRES function is enhanced following exposure to rapamycin and requires both p38 MAPK and RAF/MEK/ERK signaling, as specific inhibitors of these pathways reduce IRES-mediated translation and protein levels under conditions of quiescent AKT activity. Thus, continued IRES-mediated translation initiation may permit cell cycle progression upon mTOR inactivation in cells in which AKT kinase activity is relatively low.