On calibration of pH meters

The calibration of pH meters including the pH glass electrode, ISE electrodes, buffers, and the general background for calibration are reviewed. Understanding of basic concepts of pH, pOH, and electrode mechanism is emphasized. New concepts of pH, pOH, as well as critical examination of activity, and activity coefficients are given. The emergence of new solid state pH electrodes and replacement of the salt bridge with a conducting wire have opened up a new horizon for pH measurements. A pH buffer solution with a conducting wire may be used as a stable reference electrode. The misleading unlimited linear Nernstian slope should be discarded. Calibration curves with 3 nonlinear portions for the entire 0 - 14 pH range due to the isoelectric point change effect are explained. The potential measurement with stirring or unstirring and effects by double layer (DL) and triple layer (TL) will be discussed.