Journal
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE
Volume 85, Issue 2, Pages 507-522Publisher
CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING
DOI: 10.4141/P04-101
Keywords
Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis; AMATA; Amaranthus rudis; common waterhemp; weed biology; invasive alien
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This annual dioecious weed was found in 2002 and 2003 infesting soybean fields in southwestern Ontario, and it was collected in 1992 from waste places in British Columbia. It is a major weed problem in field crops in the mid-western United States, where it has become increasingly difficult to control during the past 10 yr. Morphological differences between Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis and var. tuberculatus are presented. A review of the biological information published is provided. Plants exhibit high phenotypic plasticity and genetic variability. Emergence is prolonged, growth rapid, and female plants produce a large number of viable seeds that contribute to a persistent seed bank. Amaranthus tuberculatus var. rudis has developed multiple resistance to triazine and acetolactate synthase- and protoporphyrinogen-inhibiting herbicides. Airborne pollen can travel significant distances and A. tuberculatus var. rudis may hybridize with other noxious Amaranthus spp. transferring herbicide resistance or other traits.
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