Activation of protease-activated receptor-1 triggers astrogliosis after brain injury

We have studied the involvement of the thrombin receptor [ protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1)] in astrogliosis, because extravasation of PAR-1 activators, such as thrombin, into brain parenchyma can occur after blood - brain barrier breakdown in a number of CNS disorders. PAR1(-/-) animals show a reduced astrocytic response to cortical stab wound, suggesting that PAR-1 activation plays a key role in astrogliosis associated with glial scar formation after brain injury. This interpretation is supported by the finding that the selective activation of PAR-1 in vivo induces astrogliosis. The mechanisms by which PAR-1 stimulates glial proliferation appear to be related to the ability of PAR-1 receptor signaling to induce sustained extracellular receptor kinase (ERK) activation. In contrast to the transient activation of ERK by cytokines and growth factors, PAR-1 stimulation induces a sustained ERK activation through its coupling to multiple G-protein-linked signaling pathways, including Rho kinase. This sustained ERK activation appears to regulate astrocytic cyclin D1 levels and astrocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo. We propose that this PAR-1-mediated mechanism underlying astrocyte proliferation will operate whenever there is sufficient injury-induced blood - brain barrier breakdown to allow extravasation of PAR-1 activators.