Journal
STATISTICS IN MEDICINE
Volume 24, Issue 8, Pages 1185-1202Publisher
JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD
DOI: 10.1002/sim.1970
Keywords
control charts; outliers; over-dispersion; institutional profiling; ranking
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'Funnel plots' are recommended as a graphical aid for institutional comparisons, in which an estimate of an underlying quantity is plotted against an interpretable measure of its precision. 'Control limits' form a funnel around the target outcome, in a close analogy to standard Shewhart control charts. Examples are given for comparing proportions and changes in rates, assessing association between outcome and volume of cases, and dealing with over-dispersion due to unmeasured risk factors. We conclude that funnel plots are flexible, attractively simple, and avoid spurious ranking of institutions into 'league tables'. Copyright (c) 2004 John Wiley ' Sons, Ltd.
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