New insect order Mantophasmatodea: species differentiation by mass fingerprints of peptide hormones?

We analysed peptide hormones of South African species of the recently described insect order Mantophasmatodea. Mass spectrometric techniques made it possible to analyse minute amounts of material stored in different neurohemal organs of single specimens. The methodological approach underlying this application is described and resulted in the first completely sequenced peptide hormones of the Mantophasmatodea, namely adipokinetic hormone, leucomyosuppressin, and a novel member of the periviscerokinins. The extensive peptide screening revealed a surprisingly clear differentation of species by peptide mass fingerprints. This is the first successful attempt to catalogue neuropeptides of insects for systematic/taxonomic purposes. In total, 14 of 32 peptides differed across species. Moreover, the data presented here show a hierarchy in the tendency for modifications among the different peptide hormones.