The geographic distribution of Sr isotopes from surface waters and soil extracts over the island of Bornholm (Denmark) - A base for provenance studies in archaeology and agriculture

In this paper we report the Sr isotope signatures, and Sr, Al and Na concentrations of 30 surface waters (lakes/ponds and rivers/creeks) and 19 soil sample extracts from the island of Bornholm (Denmark) and present a categorized Sr-87/Sr-86 value distribution map that may serve as a base for provenance studies, including archaeological migration and authenticity proof for particular food products. The Sr isotopic compositions of surface waters range from Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.7097-0.7281 (average 0.7175 +/- 0.0049; 1 sigma), whereas 0.1 M HNO3, 0.05 M HNO3, and 0.01 M CaCl2 soil extracts range from Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.7095-0.7197 and define somewhat lower but statistically indistinguishable averages of 0.7125 +/- 0.003 (1s). These compositions are lower than the values expected from the Precambrian granitoid basement (Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.758-0.944), and from the overlying, mainly clastic Paleozoic sediments. Combined Sr isotope composition vs. Sr, Na and Al concentration relationships of soil extracts imply that lowering of the isotopic composition of leachable Sr on Bornholm results as a consequence of significant admixture to this fraction of Sr deposited as marine salts (aerosols), and that rainwater only has a minor influence on the Sr budget of the surface waters. Positively correlated Al/Na and [1/Sr] vs. Sr-87/Sr-86 relationships in soil extracts and surface waters indicate that the surface run-off on Bornholm is characterized by two pre-dominant sources, namely marine aerosols (sea salts) with high Sr and low Sr-87/Sr-86 values, and a source with lower [Sr] delivering radiogenic Sr to the surface waters, which we equate with Sr leached from the products of mineral weathering (soils). A feasibility study for using Sr isotopic compositions of surface waters and soil extracts as a proxy for bioavailable Sr signatures was performed with a few samples collected in the vicinity of the eleventh century AD Ndr. Grodbygard cemetery site in SW Bornholm, from where Sr isotope compositions of modern fauna samples and tooth enamel of humans buried in the cemetery have been reported. Waters and soil extracts studied herein from around this site range from Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.7104-0.7166 and correspond to Sr compositions extracted from snail shells in this area which span a range of Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.7095-0.7160. Some human tooth enamel is characterized by more radiogenic values (Sr-87/Sr-86 up to 0.718) which points to a possible provenance of these humans from the granite-gneiss terrain in the north of the island and/or to immigration of these humans in their childhood from other places (for example from mainland Sweden) to Bornholm. If the total compositional range of Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.709-0.718 (n = 44) recorded in human enamel from the Ndr. Grodbygard site is considered representative for the variation of bioavailable Sr on Bornholm, then our soil leachate and surface water data entirely covers this range. We therefore propose that the combination of Sr isotope analyses of surface waters and soil leachates are an easy, fast and relatively cost efficient way to characterize a local bioavailable Sr-87/Sr-86 signature, and consequently propose that the overall average of Sr-87/Sr-86 = 0.7153 +/- 0.0048 (1 sigma; n = 50) can be taken as a band for bioavailable Sr fractions suitable to discriminate between local and non-local signatures in provenance studies in the field of archaeology and for food and plant authenticity control in agricultural applications. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.