Journal
JOURNAL OF FLUORESCENCE
Volume 15, Issue 3, Pages 377-413Publisher
SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS
DOI: 10.1007/s10895-005-2632-1
Keywords
time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy; time-resolved fluorescence microscopy; artifacts; pulse fluorometry; phase-modulation fluorometry; FLIM; single-photon timing; sample preparation; optics; electronics; data analysis
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Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy in both time and frequency domains provide very useful and accurate information on dynamic processes. Good quality data are essential in obtaining reliable parameter estimates. Distortions of the fluorescence response due to artifacts may have disastrous consequences. We provide here a concise overview of potential difficulties encountered under daily laboratory circumstances in the use of time- and frequency-domain equipment as well as practical remedies against common error conditions, elucidated with several graphs to aid the researcher in visual inspection and quality-control of collected data. A range of artifacts due to sample preparation or to optical and electronic pitfalls are discussed, as are remedies against them. Also recommended data analysis strategies are described.
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