Journal
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY
Volume 25, Issue 12, Pages 4853-4862Publisher
AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY
DOI: 10.1128/MCB.25.12.4853-4862.2005
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Funding
- NHLBI NIH HHS [P01HL071643-01A4, P01 HL071643, T32 HL076139, HL076139] Funding Source: Medline
- NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM060472, GM60472-06] Funding Source: Medline
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Mammalian cells have the ability to sense low oxygen levels (hypoxia). An adaptive response to hypoxia involves the induction of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). The intracellular signaling pathways that regulate HIF-1 activation during hypoxia remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that p38 alpha(-/-) cells fail to activate HIF-1 under hypoxic conditions. Cells deficient in Mkk3 and Mkk6, the upstream regulators of p38 alpha, also fail to activate HIF-1 under hypoxic conditions. The p38 alpha(-/-) cells are able to activate HIF-1 in response to anoxia or iron chelators during normoxia. Furthermore, the hypoxic activation of p38 alpha and HIF-1 was abolished by myxothiazol, a mitocbondrial complex III inhibitor, and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), a scavenger of hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the activation of p38 alpha and HIF-1 is dependent on the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. These results provide genetic evidence that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling is essential for HIF-1 activation.
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