Journal
BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY
Volume 57, Issue 11, Pages 1313-1323Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024
Keywords
ADHD; genetics; linkage; candidate genes; twins
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Funding
- NICHD NIH HHS [R01HD37694, R01HD37999] Funding Source: Medline
- NIMH NIH HHS [K08MH66072, K23MH67060, R01MH66877] Funding Source: Medline
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Results of behavioral genetic and molecular genetic studies have converged to suggest that both genetic and nongenetic factors contribute to the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We review this literature, with a particular emphasis oil molecular genetic studies. Family, twin, and adoption studies provide compelling evidence That genes play a strong role ill mediating susceptibility to ADHD. This fact is most clearly seen in the 20 extant twin studies, which estimate the heritability of ADHD to be 76. Molecular genetic studies suggest that the genetic architecture of ADHD is complex. The few genome-wide scans conducted thus far are not conclusive. In contrast, the many candidate gene studies of ADHD have produced substantial evidence implicating several genes in the etiology of the disorder. For the eight genes for which The same variant has been studied in three or more case-control or family-based studies, seven show statistically significantly evidence of association, with ADHD on the basis of the pooled odds ratio across studies.
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