Journal
JOURNAL OF NEUROVIROLOGY
Volume 11, Issue 3, Pages 281-291Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC
DOI: 10.1080/13550280590952835
Keywords
cocaine; brain microvascular endothelial cells; HIV-1; HIV-1 macropinocytosis
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Funding
- NHLBI NIH HHS [HL63639, HL48493] Funding Source: Medline
- NIAID NIH HHS [AI42557, AI50461] Funding Source: Medline
- NIDA NIH HHS [DA10442] Funding Source: Medline
- PHITPO CDC HHS [HK63065] Funding Source: Medline
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Cocaine is a suspected cofactor in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated dementia but cocaine's effects are not clear. Herein the authors describe investigations of the mechanisms by which cocaine increases HIV-1 invasion through brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs). Cocaine binds to a site on BMVECs, which is not a biogenic amine transporter, a binding site for estrogen, or a muscarinic receptor and for which benztropine and tamoxifen have the highest affinity. Cocaine treatment of BMVECs disrupts intercellular junctions and induces cell ruffling, which could account for their increased permeability and decreased electrical resistance. HIV-1 enters BMVECs by macropinocytosis and is transported to lysosomes and inactivated. In cocaine-treated BMVECs, the virus enters and persists in large cytoplasmic lakes. Cocaine exposure of BMVECs up-regulates transcription of genes important in cytoskeleton organization, signal transduction, cell swelling, vesicular trafficking, and cell adhesion. The toxicity of cocaine for the blood-brain barrier may lead to increased virus neuroinvasion and neurovascular complications of cocaine abuse.
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