Regulation of arginase II by interferon regulatory factor 3 and the involvement of polyamines in the antiviral response

The innate antiviral response requires the induction of genes and proteins with activities that limit virus replication. Among these, the well-characterized interferon beta (IFNB) gene is regulated through the cooperation of AP-1, NF-kappa B and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) transcription factors. Using a constitutively active form of IRF-3, IRF-3 5D, we showed Lady previously that IRF-3 also regulates an IFN-independent antiviral response through the direct induction of IFN-stimulated genes. In this study, we report that the arginase II gene (ArgII) as well as ArgII protein concentrations and enzymatic activity are induced in IRF-3 5D-expressing and Sendai virus-infected Jurkat cells in an IFN-independent manner. ArgII is a critical enzyme in the polyamine-biosynthetic pathway. Of the natural polyamines, spermine possesses antiviral activity and mediates apoptosis at physiological concentrations. Measurement of intracellular polyamine content revealed that expression of IRF-3 5D induces polyamine production, but that Sendai virus and vesicular stomatitis virus infections do not. These results show for the first time that the ArgH gene is an early IRF-3-regulated gene, which participates in the IFN-independent antiviral response through polyamine production and induction of apoptosis.