Journal
NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH
Volume 7, Issue 3, Pages 317-333Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/14622200500125385
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We conducted a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled laboratory studies of the subjective effects of nicotine. A total of 15 studies (11 with nasal spray, four with intravenous administration) with smokers and six studies (all with nasal spray) with never-smokers were included. Studies of other routes of administration (e.g., smoked tobacco) were not included because of insufficient numbers of available effect sizes. Meta-analysis results indicated that nicotine increased vigor for smokers but increased fatigue for never-smokers. Nicotine increased head rush for both smokers and never-smokers. In studies of smokers only, nicotine also increased ratings of drug high and drug liking. Contrary to expectations, nicotine decreased relaxation and increased tension/jitteriness for both smokers and never-smokers. Dose-response relationships were most clearly observed for head rush and drug high. Considerable variability was found across studies for a given nicotine dose and route of administration. Implications of the current findings about the role of subjective effects in nicotine reinforcement and self-administration are discussed along with commentary on methodological issues and recommendations for future studies.
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