Mitogen-activated protein kinases are developmentally regulated during stress-induced microspore embryogenesis in Brassica napus L

Plant mitogen-activated protein kinase ( MAPK) cascades are involved in extracellular stress signalling pathways, leading to different cellular responses. Stress-induced microspore embryogenesis involves the internalization of an extracellular stress signal, generating a number of cellular responses where MAPK cascades might be involved. These responses include a change of the developmental programme, the entry into an early proliferative stage and, subsequently, into differentiation stages during haploid embryogenesis. In this work we studied the expression during microspore embryogenesis of several kinases, to assess their putative role in these events. The known Brassica napus MAP kinase kinase kinases (MAP3Ks BnMAP3K alpha 1, BnMAP3K beta 1 and BnMAP3K epsilon, the BnBSK theta kinase and B: napus extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) homologues were analysed by electron microscope ( EM) in situ hybridization, immuno-gold labelling, immunofluorescence and western blotting. The differential in situ expression of these kinases suggests a role for them during embryogenesis. Two different expression patterns were observed, indicating a different regulation. BnMAP3K alpha 1, BnMAP3K epsilon, and the ERKs showed a pattern consistent with a role mainly in proliferative events. Conversely, BnMAP3K beta 1 and BnBSK theta, presented a pattern that suggested an involvement in differentiation stages. In addition, ERK homologues migrate to the nucleus immediately after induction, being found in a phosphorylated state in a larger amount.