Fabrication of titanium oxide nanotube arrays by anodic oxidation

The formation of titanium oxide nanotube arrays on titanium substrates was investigated in HF electrolytes. Under optimized electrolyte and oxidation conditions, well-ordered nanotubes of titania were fabricated. Topologies of the anodized titanium change remarkably along with the changing of applied voltages, electrolyte concentration and oxidation time. Electrochemical determination and scanning electron microscope indicate the nanotubes are formed due to the competition of titania formation and dissolution under the assistance of electric Held. A possible growth mechanism has also been presented. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.