Journal
APPLIED CATALYSIS A-GENERAL
Volume 481, Issue -, Pages 127-142Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.apcata.2014.05.007
Keywords
TiO2 nanotubes; Photocatalyst; Hydrothermal synthesis; Mechanism; Modifications
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Funding
- University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia [UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/06 (D000006-16001)]
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One-dimensional titanium dioxide (TiO2)-based nanotubes have attracted great interest to be used as photocatalysts in the field of environmental applications. Three main approaches via template-assisted, electrochemical anodic oxidation and alkaline hydrothermal treatment used to prepare the nanostructured TiO2-based nanotubes are reviewed. The parameters that affect the formation of TiO2-based nanotubes via hydrothermal method such as phases and particle sizes of starting materials, types and concentrations of alkaline solution, temperature and duration of hydrothermal treatment, ultrasonication-and microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis, acid washing and calcination have been reviewed in details. This paper also discussed the possible crystal structure and formation mechanism of TiO2-based nanotubes via alkaline hydrothermal treatment. In addition, the recent research progress on the structural modification of TiO2-based nanotubes to be used as photocatalysts is summarized in this review. Modification strategies investigated include metal nanoparticles deposition, single- and co-doping of metal ions/non-metal ions, coupled with other semiconductors to form binary composites and hybrid with carbon nanomaterials. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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