Thyroid disease and increased cardiovascular risk

The effects of thyroid dysfunction are thought to be reversible on restoration of euthyroidism, but postmortem and epidemiologic data suggest that subclinical or treated thyroid disease is associated with increased vascular risk. In order to determine the extent of this risk, and to explore whether the nature and/or treatment of thyroid disease are critical in this relationship, we used medical record linkage to match patients with treated thyroid disease of various etiologies with routinely collected national inpatient and daycase hospital discharge records and death records, and assessed the number of hospitalizations from cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease or death in patients with thyroid disease and control patients. Patients treated for Graves' disease had more hospitalizations from cardiovascular disease than controls (relative risk, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 1.67; p < 0.001). Toxic multinodular goiter was also associated with significantly higher rates of cardiovascular disease (relative risk, 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 2.02; p = 0.008). Patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis aged over 50 years had a threefold increase in cardiovascular admissions compared to controls (23.5% and 6.5%, respectively; 95% confidence interval for difference, 6.0% to 27.9%, p = 0.003). Thus, different forms of thyroid disease were associated with increased long-term vascular risk despite restoration of euthyroidism. The mechanisms that mediate this risk are unclear but may not involve thyroid hormone abnormality.