Emerging applications of phosphorescent metalloporphyrins

The subject of phosphorescent metalloporphyrins is reviewed, focusing mainly on the development and application of Pt- and Pd-porphyrins. A summary of their general chemical and photophysical properties, and guidelines for rational design of the phosphorescent labels, bioconjugates and probes is given. Examples of different detection formats and particular bioanalytical applications developed in recent years are presented. The potential of phosphorescent porphyrin label methodology is discussed and compared to that of the long-decay fluorescent lanthanide chelates and other common fluorophores.