Journal
JOURNAL OF NEUROSURGERY
Volume 103, Issue 1, Pages 136-145Publisher
AMER ASSOC NEUROLOGICAL SURGEONS
DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.103.1.0136
Keywords
brain; angiogenesis; development; arteriovenous malformation; vascular endothelial growth factor; angiopoietin; quail embryo
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Funding
- NINDS NIH HHS [K08 NS02220] Funding Source: Medline
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Object. The goal of this study was to examine the roles of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) in the formation of blood vessels in the brain in a developmental animal model not routinely used for such a study. Methods. Either VEGF, Ang-2, or a combination of the two factors were injected into the optic tectum of 4-day-old quail embryos. Immunohistochemical analysis and laser confocal microscopy were used to observe the effects on endothelial cells in the brain. Vascular endothelial growth factor and Ang-2 had very different effects on the development of blood vessels; the former caused expansion and the latter retraction of these vessels. Treatment with a combination of VEGF and Ang-2 caused retroorbital or intraventricular hemorrhage, and brain blood vessels appeared enlarged and dysmorphic, with dramatically extended filopodia. Conclusions. Some of these observations may provide insight into how one may develop a better model of brain arteriovenous malformations.
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