Neuropsychiatric features of systemic lupus erythematosus

Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is a serious and well known complication of systemic lupus erythematosus that remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, advances in neuroimaging techniques and cognitive testing have improved the diagnosis of this disease and allowed earlier and more successful therapeutic intervention. Further, the association of NPSLE with the anti-phospholipid syndrome, other autoantibodies and inflammatory cytokines have also provided clues to the diagnosis and pathophysiology. Treatment of NPSLE is largely symptom based with outcome based on appropriate diagnosis. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.