Journal
STROKE
Volume 36, Issue 7, Pages 1544-1550Publisher
LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.0000169903.09253.c7
Keywords
cell differentiation; cell division; membrane potential; progenitor cells
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Background and Purpose - Status epilepticus and cerebral ischemia stimulate persistent neurogenesis in the adult brain, but both conditions cause neuronal damage. We determined whether spreading depression, a common epiphenomenon of these conditions, stimulates persistent neurogenesis. Methods - We analyzed the effect of KCl-induced spreading depression on persistent neurogenesis and the spatio-temporal distribution of cells exhibiting immunohistochemical markers for divided and early committed neurons (new neurons) in the adult rat brain. Results - After induction of spreading depression for 48 hours, the density of mitotic cells, divided cells, and new neurons in the subventricular zone increased at days 1 to 3, days 3 to 6, and day 6, respectively (P < 0.05). The divided cell density in the rostral migratory stream and the stream size increased at day 12 (P < 0.001). Vehicle (saline) infusion or induction of spreading depression for 4 hours only did not increase the divided cell density, but the latter increased new neuron density in the subventricular zone (P < 0.001). Double-labeled new neuron-like cells also appeared in the caudate putamen or cortex in ectopic fashion at day 3, with dramatic increases at days 6 and 12. Administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, which inhibits the propagation of spreading depression, abolished the increase in new neurons in the subventricular zone and the appearance of ectopic new neuron-like cells after 48-hour KCl infusion. There was no neuronal damage, as evidenced by mature neuron density, neurite density, and apoptotic cell appearance after spreading depression for 48 hours. Conclusions - Spreading depression has the potential to stimulate persistent neurogenesis or to produce ectopic new neuron-like cells.
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