Influence of surfactant tail branching and organization on the orientation of liquid crystals at aqueous-liquid crystal interfaces

We have examined the influence of two aspects of surfactant structure-tail branching and tail organization-on the orientational ordering (so-called anchoring) of water-immiscible, thermotropic liquid crystals in contact with aqueous surfactant solutions. First, we evaluated the influence of branches in surfactant tails on the anchoring of nematic liquid crystals at water-liquid crystal interfaces. We compared interfaces that were laden with one of three linear surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecanesulfonate, and isomerically pure linear sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate) to interfaces laden with branched sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate. We carried out these experiments at 60 degrees C, above the Krafft temperatures of all the surfactants studied, and used the liquid crystal TL205 (a mixture of cyclohexane-fluorinated biphenyls and fluorinated terphenyls), which forms a nematic phase at 60 degrees C. Linear surfactants caused TL205 to assume a perpendicular orientation (homeotropic anchoring) above a threshold concentration of surfactant and parallel orientation (planar anchoring) at lower concentrations. In contrast, branched sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate caused planar anchoring of TL205 at all concentrations up to the critical micelle concentration of the surfactant. Second, we used sodium dodecanesulfonate and a commercial linear sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate to probe the influence of surfactant tail organization on the orientations of liquid crystals at water-liquid crystal interfaces. Commercial linear sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, which comprises a mixture of ortho and para isomers, has been previously characterized to form less ordered monolayers than sodium dodecanesulfonate at oil-water interfaces at room temperature. We found sodium dodecanesulfonate to cause homeotropic anchoring of both TL205 and 4'-pentyl-4cyanobiphenyl (5CB, nematic at room temperature), whereas commercial linear sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate caused predominantly planar and tilted orientations of both TL205 and 5CB. These results, when combined, lead us to conclude that (1) interactions between the aliphatic tails of surfactants and liquid crystals largely dictate the orientations of liquid crystals at aqueous-liquid crystal interfaces, (2) the interactions that orient the liquid crystals at these interfaces are sensitive to the branching and degree of disorder in the surfactant tails, and (3) differences in the chemical composition of TL205 and 5CB, most notably fluorination of TL205, lead to subtle differences in the orientations of these two nematic liquid crystals.