Effect of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on the oxidative status of C6 glioma cells

n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been described to have beneficial effects on brain development and in the prevention and treatment of brain damage. C6 glioma cells were incubated with 100 mu M of either C20: 4n-6 (ARA), or C20:5n-3 (EPA), or C22: 6n-3 (DHA) for different time periods to assess whether these acids altered the cellular oxidative state. The ARA and EPA were promptly metabolised to C22:4n-6 and C22:5n-3, respectively, whereas DHA treatment simply increased the amount of DHA in the cells. Cell viability was not affected by ARA, while a cytotoxic effect was observed 72 h after n-3 PUFAs supplementation. The levels of reactive oxygen species and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were significantly higher in DHA-treated cells than in EPA- and ARA-treated groups. This modification in the oxidative cellular status was also highlighted by a significant increase in catalase activity and a decrease in glutathione content in DHA-supplemented cells. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, an enzyme involved in redox regulation, and O-2(center dot-) release were significantly increased both in EPA and DHA groups. The effect of DHA was more severe than that of EPA. No significant changes were observed in the ARA group with respect to untreated cells. These data show that EPA and DHA induce alterations in the oxidative status that could affect the glial function.