Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope composition of cattle hair:: ecological fingerprints of production systems?

Societal interest in food safety, animal welfare, and environmental quality attributes of food production is increasing, creating a need for reliable indicators of such factors. Here we test the hypothesis that cattle farming systems create unique and meaningful isotopic fingerprints, which can be characterized by analysing cattle tail switch hair. To this end we analysed feeding practices and nutrient fluxes, and sampled hair, feed components and fertilizers from 13 different farms in Upper Bavaria, Germany. The farms represented the range of cattle farming types present in the region and included: conventional confinement dairy, pasture based organic and conventional dairy, suckler cow, and bull and steer and heifer fattening enterprises. Samples were analysed for their carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope composition (delta C-13 and delta N-15). Feed samples could be assigned to one of three groups with characteristic delta C-13, which varied very little between and within farms: C-3 forages (including fresh forage, hay or silage from grassland and clover-grass mixtures) with -28.4 parts per thousand (+/- 0.5 parts per thousand S.D.), maize (Zea mays L.) with -12.5 parts per thousand (+/- 0.4 parts per thousand), and C-3-derived concentrates (including mainly cereal grain and legume seeds) with -26.8 (+/- 1.1 parts per thousand). The dry matter fraction of maize in the diet explained 96% of the farm average delta C-13 of hair. Hair was approx. 2.7 parts per thousand enriched in C-13 relative to the diet (trophic level shift), and this effect was very similar for growing animals and cows, and seemingly independent of the fraction of maize in the diet. In contrast to delta C-13, the delta N-15 of individual feed types differed very strongly between - and also within - farms. Only legume seeds had relatively constant delta N-15 (1.2 +/- 0.5 parts per thousand). delta N-15 of cow hair was correlated with stocking rate (r(2) = 0.55) and N input surplus (farm gate) (r(2) = 0.78), respectively. This correlation was probably caused by increasing losses of N-15-depleted N via ammonia volatilisation, nitrate leaching and denitrification with increasing farm-level N surplus. Heterogeneity of feed N-15 signatures indicated within-farm heterogeneity of N fluxes and cycling that was at (least partially) integrated in cattle hair. Thus, cattle hair N-15 signature appears to indicate the 'leakiness' of cattle production systems for N. Conversely, the C-13 signatures reliably indicates maize feeding and, thus, the type of land use (arable forage cropping versus grassland farming) on which cattle production in the region is based. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.