Journal
APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS
Volume 81, Issue 4, Pages 421-442Publisher
SPRINGER HEIDELBERG
DOI: 10.1007/s00340-005-1905-3
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The paper gives an overview of the use of the coherent population trapping phenomenon (CPT) in alkali-metal atoms in the implementation of atomic frequency standards. Several avenues are examined. These include: the approach using a combination of the CPT phenomenon and the Ramsey separated interaction field technique on an atomic beam; the passive approach in a cell in which the microwave hyperfine resonance excited by the CPT phenomenon is detected directly on the transmitted radiation; the maser approach in which the same resonance is observed by means of stimulated emission in a microwave cavity-cell arrangement; and, finally, the proposed approach using pulses in a time sequence that implements the combined CPT-Ramsey separated interaction field technique in time rather than in space. A review of field and laboratory implementations using these approaches is made.
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