Characterization of atherosclerotic plaques by laser speckle imaging

Background - A method capable of determining atherosclerotic plaque composition and measuring plaque viscoelasticity can provide valuable insight into intrinsic features associated with plaque rupture and can enable the identification of high-risk lesions. In this article, we describe a new optical technique, laser speckle imaging (LSI), that measures an index of plaque viscoelasticity. We evaluate the potential of LSI for characterizing atherosclerotic plaque. Methods and Results - Time-varying helium-neon laser speckle images were acquired from 118 aortic plaque specimens from 14 human cadavers under static and deforming conditions ( 0 to 200 mu m/s). Temporal fluctuations in the speckle patterns were quantified by exponential fitting of the normalized cross-correlation of sequential frames in each image series of speckle patterns to obtain the exponential decay time constant, tau. The decorrelation time constants of thin-cap fibroatheromas (TCFA) ( tau = 47.5 +/- 19.2 ms) were significantly lower than those of other atherosclerotic lesions ( P < 0.001), and the sensitivity and specificity of the LSI technique for identifying TCFAs were > 90%. Speckle decorrelation time constants demonstrated strong correlation with histological measurements of plaque collagen ( R = 0.73, P < 0.0001), fibrous cap thickness ( R = 0.87, P < 0.0001), and necrotic core area ( R = - 0.81, P < 0.0001). Under deforming conditions ( 10 to 200 mu m/s), tau correlated well with cap thickness in necrotic core fibroatheromas ( P > 0.05). Conclusions - The measurement of speckle decorrelation time constant from laser speckle images provides an index of plaque viscoelasticity and facilitates the characterization of plaque type. Our results demonstrate that LSI is a highly sensitive technique for characterizing plaque and identifying thin-cap fibroatheromas.