A novel small-molecule compound targeting CCR5 and CXCR3 prevents acute and chronic allograft rejection

Background. Chemokines and chemokine receptors are critical in leukocyte recruitment, activation, and differentiation. Among them, CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) have been reported to play important roles in alloimmune responses and may be potential targets for posttransplant immunosuppression. Methods. Fully major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched murine cardiac and islet transplant models were used to test the effect in vivo of a novel, small-molecule compound TAK-779 by targeting CCR5 and CXCR3 in acute allograft rejection. An MHC class 11 mismatched cardiac transplant model was used to evaluate its efficacy in chronic allograft rejection. Intragraft expression of cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and by histological analysis. Results. Treatment of TAK-779 significantly prolonged allograft survival across the MHC barrier in two distinct transplant models. The treatment downregulated local immune activation as observed by the reduced expression of several chemokines, cytokines, and chemokine receptors. Thereby, the recruitment of CD4, CD8, and CD11c cells into transplanted allografts were inhibited. Furthermore, TAK-779 treatment significantly attenuated the development of chronic vasculopathy, fibrosis, and cellular infiltration. Conclusions. Antagonism of CCR5 and CXCR3 has a substantial therapeutic effect on inhibiting both acute and chronic allograft rejection. CCR5 and CXCR3 are functional in the process of allograft rejection and may be potential targets in clinical transplantation in the future.