Cyr61 induces gastric cancer cell motility/invasion via activation of the integrin/nuclear factor-κB/cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathway

Purpose: Cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61/CCN1) is involved in many different types of tumor development and progression. Nonetheless, the role of Cyr61 in human gastric cancer has not yet been fully characterized. Experimental design: We addressed the issue by immunohistochemical staining of 81 gastric adenocarcinoma specimens. Liposome-mediated transfection was used to introduce a Cyr61 expression vector into gastric cancer AGS cell lines. Transfectants were tested in invasion assay by a Boyden chamber. Furthermore, a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) reporter assay and gel mobility shift assay were done to investigate the potential signal pathway of Cyr61. Results: Patients with gastric adenocarcinoma whose tumor displayed high expression of Cyr61 correlated well with aggressive lymph node metastasis, more advanced tumor stage, histologic diffuse type, and early recurrence. Stable transfection of Cyr61 into the AGS cell line strongly enhanced its invasive activity. The overexpression of Cyr61 into AGS cells significantly increased the expression of COX-2 mRNA, protein, and enzymatic activity. Gel mobility shift assays further showed that the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) pathway was evidently activated in Cyr61-expressing AGS cells. Function-neutralizing antibody to alpha v beta 3 but not alpha v beta 5 effectively suppressed Cyr61-mediated NF-kappa B activation, COX-2 gene expression, and cell invasiveness. Conclusions: Cyr61 may contribute to the malignant progression of gastric cancer by promoting tumor cell motility/invasion through up-regulation of the functional COX-2 via an integrin alpha v beta 3/NF-kappa B-dependent pathway.