Transport of commercial endosulfan through a column of aggregated vineyard soil by a water flux simulating field conditions

Endosulfan is a potentially harmful, degradation resistant pesticide that is found in soils where it has been used. Despite being hydrophobic and having high affinity for soil matrix components, it has also been found in groundwater. To investigate this behavior, we studied the passage of a commercial emulsified formulation through a column of aggregated vineyard soil under simulated light rain. Breakthrough data were obtained using gas chromatography with electron capture detection to determine the concentration of endosulfan in samples extracted from the column periodically at several depths. These data, and analogous data obtained previously for the passage of bromide, were analyzed using the program CXTFIT v.2. Analysis of the bromide data strongly suggested the existence of preferential flow paths in the column. The endosulfan data were adequately accounted for by a model in which the preferential flow and nonpreferential flow regions are almost isolated from each other. These regions differ also as regards both the partition of endosulfan between soil and soil solution and the rate at which reversibly adsorbed endosulfan is transformed into irreversibly adsorbed endosulfan. The irreversibility sink term accounts also for biological and chemical degradation of endosulfan. The findings imply that soil humidity favors the transport of commercial endosulfan by the formation and maintenance of preferential flow paths in soil, controlling both the presence of endosulfan in groundwater and its high persistence in soil.