4.5 Article

Damage mechanisms and failure modes of cortical bone under components of physiological loading

Journal

JOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH
Volume 23, Issue 5, Pages 1047-1053

Publisher

WILEY
DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2005.02.008

Keywords

fatigue; damage mechanisms; mechanical testing; cortical bone; physiological loading; failure modes

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Fatigue damage development in cortical bone was investigated in vitro under different mechanical components of physiological loading including tension, compression, and torsion. During each test, stress and strain data were collected continuously to monitor and statistically determine the occurrence of the primary, secondary, and tertiary stages associated with fatigue and/or creep failure of bone. The resultant microdamage and failure modes were identified by histological and fractographic analysis, respectively. The tensile group demonstrated Mode I cracking and the three classic stages of fatigue and creep suggesting a low crack initiation threshold, steady crack propagation and final failure by coalescence of microcracks. In contrast, the compressive group displayed Mode II cracking and a two-stage fatigue behavior with limited creep suggesting a high crack initiation threshold followed by a sudden fracture. The torsion group also displayed a two-stage fatigue profile but demonstrated extensive damage from mixed mode (Modes II and III) microcracking and predominant time-dependant damage. Thus, fatigue behavior of bone was found to be uniquely related to the individual mechanical components of physiological loading and the latter determined the specific damage mechanisms associated with fatigue fracture. (c) 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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